New Product Idea: Forest Smoke and Fire Detector

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Forests are a vital ingredient of our nature, and with the passage of time, it is becoming more difficult to protect them, mainly from fire. The main reasons behind this are lack of knowledge and big areas covered by forests all across the world. Hence, there is a dire need for an automated system that can not only detect smoke and fire in the forests but inform the relevant authorities about it as well. For this purpose, a system is proposed involving ZigBee that can send the signal to the relevant authority whenever it detects smoke or fire so that necessary action could be taken.

OBJECTIVES:

• To design a smoke and fire detection system that is feasible for forests and wildlife parks.

• To use ZigBee wireless communication protocol for the transmission of data.

• To cover the full area of the forest or park in the project.

• To display the data in real-time on the host computer.

• To make the project less human-controlled as much as possible.

• To transfer information of smoke and fire in a way that can help the relevant authorities in controlling it.

• To make ZigBee directly communicate with the system installed in the office of relevant authority using the internet.

CONSTRAINTS:

• Trained labor force is required.

• Limited area is covered by the communication protocol.

• Gateway is required for data transmission through the internet.

ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS

It is important to know the assumptions and limitations of a project. This is because they help in aiming for clear goals and milestones while designing a project. The proposed project is related to using a communication protocol for smoke detection in forests. Assumptions of this project will​​ enable the designers to have a standard operating procedure which they will look up to while creating the basic structure of the project. Similarly, limitations will also help the designers in regards to knowing the restrictions that their project will face during the course so that they aim at the objectives accordingly.

ASSUMPTIONS:

• For the use of forests, a smoke and fire detection system will be designed.

• The system will mainly use the communication protocol ZigBee for its operation.

• The project will be an automated one with least human interactions involved.

• The system will use internet connection for proper working.

• The smoke and fire detection system will not only communicate with the concerned authority during any hazard, but the project will provide real-time data to the latter as well.

LIMITATIONS:

• The project will not be 100 percent automated rather, it will require a monitoring person.

• The communication protocol used in the project does not have a very high range.

• The communication protocol will need to transmit data via internet and thus require a gateway to act as 3rd​​ party in the mentioned regard.

NEEDS FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION:

Needs feasibility analysis is an integral part of any project. It is the process of testing the practicality of any project. A good needs feasibility analysis describes the weaknesses and strengths of any project. In the proposed project, needs feasibility analysis will have 3 portions. First one is needs analysis, second one is specifications while third one is marketability.

NEEDS ANALYSIS:

This part of needs feasibility analysis is considered to be the most important aspect of the project due to its direct link up with the customer. To determine the needs of the customer, there is nothing better than needs analysis as it explains the needs of the customer in detail and allows the project objectives to be to-the-point. In the case of the proposed project, needs analysis is divided into 4 parts. First part is client interview, second one is surveys, then comes team brainstorming, while the last one is collective objectives.

CLIENT INTERVIEW:

To have an initial idea regarding the objectives of the proposed project, an interview was conducted via phone call with the manager of the forestation department to know their needs regarding smoke and fire detection system. The response of the client is given in TABLE 1.

TABLE 1:

SURVEYS:

To confirm the requirements put forward by the client, a survey was conducted, and the forms were given to 5 safari and wildlife parks. It was intended to know if their requirements were similar to the ones of the forestation department. The results of the survey are given in TABLE 2.​​ 

TABLE 2:

TEAM BRAINSTORMING:

After getting similar results from client’s interview and surveys, a team meeting was conducted in which the main demands were approved and useless aspects were disapproved. The results of team brainstorming are given in TABLE 3.

TABLE 3:

COLLECTIVE OBJECTIVES:

After the team brainstorming, constraints were eliminated from the project and the following main objectives were sorted out.

• To design a smoke and fire detection system that is feasible for forests and wildlife parks.

• To use ZigBee wireless communication protocol for the transmission of data.

• To cover the full area of the forest or park in the project.

• To display the data in real time on host computer.

• To make the project less human-controlled as much as possible.

• To transfer information of smoke and fire in a way that can help the relevant authorities in controlling it.

• To make ZigBee directly communicate with the system installed in the office of relevant authority using internet.

CONCLUSION:

Needs analysis helped the proposed project in setting its goals and objectives. After knowing the views of client and other relevant authorities, the unnecessary aspects were eliminated and the important aspects were taken into account in form of collective objectives.

SPECIFICATIONS:

This part of needs feasibility analysis deals with technical part of the project. It mentions how the project will cater for the needs of the customer which were stated in the needs analysis part. The proposed project will use ZigBee communication module alongside gateway, relative humidity and temperature sensor (DHT 22) and batteries of 4 volts. As ZigBee communication protocol does not offer a long range, hence, it a node-to-node communication will be required in this project which means that multiple modules will cover the whole area, communicate with each other and finally transmit the data to the host computer. TABLE 4 shows how the above specifications will cater for the aforementioned needs of the customers.

TABLE 4:

CONCLUSION:

Specifications give a better understanding of how the goals are to be achieved. Keeping in mind the customer needs, several efficient solutions were proposed in this part.

MARKETABILITY:

The ability of a product or service to be sold or marketed is called marketability. The marketability of the product defines how the product will perform in the current market and how it will cater for the needs of the customer. Marketability is a necessary requirement of a project because it not only shows the buyer why to buy it, but also convinces the investor to invest in the product. In order to market the product better, previous market strategies should be taken into consideration. Hence, two examples will now be given regarding the marketability of previous products, and then the strategy for the marketability of the proposed project will be stated.

PROJECT 1:

This project is named "Impeller Alarm: World's Thinnest Smoke Detector", and it was launched by Stefan Ramberg on November 29, 2018. It is in reference [1] in the references section.

PROJECT SUMMARY:

Impeller alarm is a smoke and fire detector, but with a very small size. The creator claims it to be the thinnest smoke alarm in the world with just 1.2 cm in thickness and 10 cm in diameter. The final product is slim, does not require a battery change, and is easy to install as shown in FIGURE 1 [1].

FIGURE 1 A pictorial view of impeller alarm​​ [1]

FUNDING STRATEGY:

To initiate the funding strategy, the creator set the price in Swedish currency. For 750 SEK, 5 impeller alarms of old model were sold which makes the discount rate of 57%. However, the creator did not get buyers for this offer. ​​ Then, former endorsed a package of 350 SEK. It provided 2 impeller alarms of the latest version at a discount rate of 61% discount. Then, an offer was given to customers to get 3 impeller alarms (1 old version and 2 latest versions) for 600 SEK which makes a discount of 52%. Finally, an offer of 250 SEK came that sold latest model of impeller alarm at discount of 44%. All these offers allowed the customers to build more interest in the product [1].

TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW:

The components used in this product are loud buzzer having a sound level of greater than 85dBA (dBA is A-weighted decibels), LED, photoelectric smoke chamber, un-interchangeable battery (having a lifetime of 10 years) and bimetal switch. A better description of components is given in FIGURE 2 [1].

FIGURE 2 A pictorial view of impeller alarm’s structure​​ [1]

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION:

The photoelectric smoke chamber has 2 compartments. In one compartment, an LED is present while a light sensor is present in the other compartment. The LED in the first compartment is always turned on and it strikes its beam in a straight line that does not touch the second chamber. Whenever smoke enters this first compartment, the beam of LED is deflected which allows it to enter the second compartment. When the light reaches the light sensor in this second compartment, it gives the signal to the loud buzzer and to the external LED. Buzzer starts making sound while LED starts to blink. This whole process occurs, credits to the power being provided by the battery [1].

PROJECT 2:

This project is named "Smoke Audio - A Smoke Detector with Bluetooth Audio Built In" and it was launched by Philip Wilging on October 16, 2014. It is in reference [2] in the references section.

PROJECT SUMMARY:

Smoke audio is a project that provides a 2-in-1 package to the user. It not only detects the smoke whenever it senses it, but also has an inbuilt Bluetooth module which can be connected to computer, mobile and tablet to play audio​​ [2].​​ 

FIGURE 3 A pictorial view of smoke audio​​ [2]​​ 

Hence, audio smoke plays the role of smoke detector as well as Bluetooth speaker. The creator’s claim is that in 2014, it was the first system ever to provide such services [2].

FUNDING STRATEGY:

The smoke audio presented various offers to sell out their product. The first offer was worth $2500 in which they proffered a pack of 5 devices. In addition, they also offered a weekend stay in Los Angeles and a dinner with whole of Smoke Audio team. In the second offer, they proposed to give just the pack of 5 devices for $650. In the third offer, they proposed to give out pack of 3 devices for $390. In the final offer, they committed to give away 1 device for just $90 for the first buyer [2].

TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW:

The Bluetooth communication protocol used in the project is EDR with a rang of 33 feet. Battery used is of ​​ 9 volts, depth of product is around 9.8 cm while the diameter is 25.4 cm. The speaker used is of 20 watts power and operates on a resistance of 8 ohms. Smoke is detected ionization sensor [2].

FIGURE 4 A pictorial view of smoke audio’s components​​ [2]

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION:

This project operates on a system that contains an ionization sensor. An ionization sensor contains 2 electrically charged plates that allow the flow of current through the sensor. A radioactive material is present in between the 2 plates to ionize the air. Whenever smoke enters the sensor, it disrupts the flow of current and the alarm is activated. The system is planned in a way that it allows Bluetooth speaker in the device to operate just like any other wireless speaker. However, whenever, the smoke is detected by the device, the alarm gets the better of the speaker and starts ringing. It goes on to ring until it is turned off [2].

CONCLUSION:

In this detailed section, the needs of the proposed project were discussed alongside the possible solutions for those needs. A detailed view of marketability was also observed alongside relevant examples. The proposed project can also be marketed in a way similar to ones explained above. Once the product is ready, it can be presented with discount offers for the ones who buy it early or in bundle. Moreover, the value of product can also be increased by giving away customized bags and shirts alongside original prototype.​​ 

OPERATING ENVIRONMENT

The location and the environment where the prototype is to work is a significant aspect of any project. In the proposed case, the operating environment can be a forest, a wildlife park or any other related area. However, to determine an appropriate working environment of the project, basic working of latter needs to be understood.

FIGURE 5 Pictorial description of ZigBee-based sensor network’s structure

FIGURE 5 shows the fundamental structure of the project. Different sensor nodes are distributed all over the operating environment. These sensor nodes collect fire monitoring data like relative humidity and temperature of the atmosphere. Based on the roles they play, sensor nodes are divided into 3 types i.e. ordinary bottom node (commonly known as node), cluster head and network coordinator. Nodes collect the data and transmit it to their cluster head. Cluster head then transfers it to network coordinator which is connected to gateway (also known as router). This last step is performed by ZigBee communication protocol which is connected to gateway. The main purpose of gateway is to connect ZigBee to the internet. In other words, gateway is an interface between ZigBee protocol and monitoring computer. Hence, gateway takes the information from nodes and transmits the information to internet satellite. This data is then transferred and displayed on the monitoring computer. Hence, forests and wildlife parks will provide a good operating environment for the proposed project.

INTENDED USER(S) AND INTENDED USE(S)

Determining the people, company or organization which will use the project is major contributing factor while designing it. Moreover, estimating the uses of the project is also a significant aspect of latter which cannot be ignored. The proposed project will have specific intended use(s) and intended user(s).

INTENDED USER(S):

Forestation departments, wildlife parks, safari parks and zoos are the main intended users of the proposed project. This is because the project is mainly designed for forests and their issues regarding smoke and fire. Whenever any forest catches any fire, this project will help the forestation department to inform the relevant authorities to put it out. However, big parks and zoos that have a theme of wildlife can also utilize the proposed system whenever any hazard occurs in their respective areas.

INTENDED USE(S):

The predicted uses of the proposed system are detection of smoke and fire in large areas, analyzing parameters like relative humidity and temperature, adapting a fast way of communication between target area and host computer, wireless transmission of data between target area and host computer and helping the fire brigade and other relevant authorities to take prompt action when necessary. These are the main uses of the proposed project, however other derived uses can also be catered for by latter.

BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION:

Having background knowledge of relevant previously done projects is essential when designing a new one. The proposed project which deals with​​ the detection of smoke and fire is inspired by the knowledge of 3 projects done in the past.

PROJECT 1:

This project is named as “Intelligent Smoke Alarm System with Wireless Sensor Network Using ZigBee” and is designed by Jiashuo Cao, Qin Wu, Ji Huang, Zhuo Li, Chuang Zhou, Jun Cheng, Shin-Ming Cheng, and Guanghui Pan. The research paper for this project was published in 2018, and it is in reference [3] in references section.​​ 

PROJECT SUMMARY:

This project discusses a practical method of implementing an intelligent smoke detector system which includes sensor-based network and dividing algorithm. It also addresses the problem of low precision and weak timeliness of traditional smoke alarms. It also presents solution to smoke information in intelligent smoke alarm system which enables the quality of air to be seen in real-time so that the information about alarm ringing can be sent to the main system in time. Furthermore, the project observes some of the demerits of the current system as well [3].

TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW:

There are 2 main modules in the project named as wireless communication module and smoke detection module.

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION MODULE:

The wireless transmission of data is based on ZigBee communication protocol. The sensors used in the system involve pressure sensor, humidity and temperature sensors, and dust sensor. In addition, environmental data including humidity, temperature, PM2.5 concentration, barometric pressure, and PM10 concentration can be seen in real time. Using various sensors avoids errors in single indicators in the previous part. The whole project consists of 4 ordinary dry batteries, each one of 1.5 volts. Hence, the source voltage becomes 6 volts [3].

SMOKE DETECTION MODULE:

This module uses the pressure sensor named as GY-68 BMP180 to measure barometric pressure data. It can also be used for accurate GPS navigation [3].

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION:

The whole project works on a centralized algorithm which is named as “random forest algorithm”. This algorithm works on a multiple classifier system. In this algorithm, the decision tree is used like a base of the mentioned multiple classifier system. Hence, every decision tree present in the forest is utilized to make an estimate for the sample. In the end, the data from every decision tree is combined which helps in obtaining the classification results [3].

FIGURE 6 A pictorial description of system composition [3]

FIGURE 7 A pictorial description of router structure [3]

This random forest algorithm communicates to ZigBee protocol which takes data from the sensors and transfers it to host computer via internet [3].

PROJECT 2:

This project is named as “Fire detection system with indoor localization using ZigBee based wireless sensor network” and is designed by Minhaz Ahmed Syrus, Hafiz Abdur Rahman and Taoufikul Islam. The research paper for this project was published in 2015, and it is in reference [4] in references section.​​ 

PROJECT SUMMARY:

This project works on the basis of a ZigBee mesh network and is utilized to restrict the fire by the use Trilateration method. The project has a relatively higher starting cost, but it is worth it if power efficiency and reliability are counted. However, the overall system has relatively less cost than its equivalent systems. Using ZigBee, the issue of joining various nodes is solved [4].

TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW:

For the wireless link computed on ZigBee protocol, it is better to choose X-Bee module. This is because of the fact that being a fire detector system, the system must have the facility of joining multiple nodes at the same time. Hence, other modules may deal with low rate of rate, but fulfilling the optimal requirements set can only be done by X-Bee module. As far as ZigBee is concerned, it has now become a favorite communication protocol of the researchers for wireless networking and indoor localities due to the fact that it consumes less power and for having various ways of transmitting data including via internet and via Bluetooth [4].

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION:

The main concept of this project is to recognize any event involving smoke and fire so that the system can restrict either. Depending on the seriousness, fire is divided into categories like Class-A type, Class-B type and so on. To restrict the fire, the system has the services of flame sensor, temperature sensor and gas sensor. Data from all 3 sensors will confirm​​ any fire event. After getting the data from sensors, X-Bee module processes it and sends it to the complete network. The ZigBee network coordinator collects it and feeds it to wifi network through Arduino. In the end, this data is accessed by any host device like computer or mobile, subject to availability of internet [4].

FIGURE 8 A pictorial description of trilateration technique [4]

FIGURE 9 A pictorial description of system block diagram [4]

The trilateration technique is displayed in FIGURE 9 which is used for indoor restriction for fire. In this technique, the coordinates where the sensor nodes are placed are already known. The nodes send their data to network and the value of data is inversely related to the distance. This means the more the value of data, the lesser the distance is from the sensor of the place where the data is coming from. 3 circles are plotted that depict the range of each sensor node. The coordinates where the data of the 3 nodes intercept will be the place where fire event has occurred [4].

PROJECT 3:

This project is named as “Forest fire detection system based on ZigBee wireless sensor network”, and is designed by Wenbin Li, Junguo Zhang and Jiangming Kan. The research paper for this project was published in 2008, and it is in reference [5] in references section.​​ 

PROJECT SUMMARY:

This project aims at monitoring temperature and humidity in the forest in a more timely and precise way. This project is intended to monitor the humidity and temperature in parts of forest in a better way. In order to do so, the concept of cluster-tree is adopted due to the fact that the structure of cluster-tree is created easily and it does not take much memory. In other words, this project is an attempt to complement existing fire detection techniques and make them even better by the use of advanced sensor network technology [5].

TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW:

A CC2430 chip is the main chip that is utilized in the nodes’ hardware design. SHT-11 is a sensor used to measure relative temperature and humidity and it is used in the project’s sensor nodes. DS2401 chip is used for unique identification of sensor nodes. A TA-XPQ2400-3dBi is used as rubber antenna in the system. Gateway is used in the project for routing and is shown in FIGURE 10. It includes GPRS mode, SDRAM, Ethernet interface, general I/O interface, PXA255 and FLASH [5].

FIGURE 10 Pictorial description of the gateway system structure [5]

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION:

This system works in a way that when the monitoring computer, operated by a telecommunications worker, sends an order to inquire about the state of forest temperatures and humidity, the order is transmitted to the router via the internet. The host computer operated by a telecommunication worker sends a signal via internet to the router demanding data about the humidity and temperature in a specific portion of the forest. The router sends the signal to the target network coordinator which in turn activates the cluster head specified by the host computer. This cluster head gives the signal to its member nodes to get data from the specific portion of the forest. Then, the cluster head collects this data from the nodes and returns it to the monitoring host computer with a report. In case of non-availability of data, a report of the mentioned case is generated as well. This whole process is explained in detail in FIGURE 10 [5].

FIGURE 11 A pictorial description of data transmission [5]

CONCLUSION:

It is concluded that all these 3 projects used ZigBee communication protocol which helped the proposed project to have an inspiration from former. Moreover, all these 3 works also helped the project in designing its module and paving a better way for transmission of data.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

INTRODUCTION:

Intellectual property, also known as IP, presents the definition of creations of mind like inventions and other works. As of today, intellectual property needs to be secured by the law as well as society. Hence, worldwide, laws have been made to discourage copyright infringements which also impose punishments on violation. 3 patents will be discussed in this section which have similar claims to the features present in the proposed project. Moreover, it will be discussed how those potential infringements will be removed.

PATENT 1:

This patent was filed by Norman J. Webb and David Bories for the device “smoke detector” in 1998. This patent is given in reference [6] in the references section.

PATENT SUMMARY:

This patent is for the device smoke detector which is a battery-operated device that includes a chamber involving ionization technique or an infrared detector. When the detector or the chamber senses the smoke above a threshold value, the alarm circuit is completed which rings the alarm and the built-in lights start illuminating as well [6].

FIGURE 12 A pictorial view of smoke detector [6]

CLAIMS SUMMARY:

The device has a cover and a base. It has a pair of sockets and a source of energizing and de-energizing. It has a light which is connected to an electrical plug. The smoke sensing chamber uses ionization technique to detect smoke. Lights and alarm are energized by separate batteries [6].

FIGURE 13 A pictorial view of smoke detector’s structure [6]

NON-INFRINGEMENT:

The proposed project is different from the mentioned patent because it does not use the ionization technique for the detection of fire and smoke rather it relies on temperature and humidity sensor to detect smoke.​​ Moreover, the patent does not have a communication protocol in its device unlike the proposed project which uses ZigBee communication protocol to transmit data.

PATENT 2:

This patent was filed by​​ Robert Kenneth Macfarlane​​ for “fire detection system” in 2006. This patent is given in reference [7] in the references section.

PATENT SUMMARY:

This patent is about the fire detection system. This whole system is composed of number of detectors spread throughout the area to be monitored and a control panel. The algorithm of the control panel divides the detectors into groups with the condition that all detectors can be in the same room. These detectors are sensitive to minute concentration of smoke (0.3% per meter). Once all the detectors in a single group have smoke concentrations above or at the predetermined value, the alarm starts to ring [7].

FIGURE 14 A pictorial view of fire detection system [7]

CLAIMS SUMMARY:

The detectors detect the smoke and turn on the alarm. They can turn on the alarm only in 2 cases. In first case, the alarm is turned on when any detector detects that the value is at or above the upper threshold value. In​​ the second case, the alarm is turned on when at least 2 detectors detect a value at or above the lower threshold value simultaneously [7].

NON-INFRINGEMENT:

This patent does not use a communication protocol like in the proposed project. Secondly, again, this patent uses detectors to detect smoke and fire while the proposed project uses temperature and humidity sensor to get the work done.

PATENT 3:

This patent was filed by​​ Glenn Højmose​​ for “smoke alarm” in 2010. This patent is given in reference [8] in the references section.

PATENT SUMMARY:

This patent is about smoke alarm which is a device composed of an internal chamber. This internal chamber has an opening with the air around it. The chamber also has an emitting light. When this light is disturbed by the air around it (indicating that there is a smoke), the smoke alarm starts ringing [8].

FIGURE 15 A pictorial view of smoke alarm [8]

CLAIMS SUMMARY:

A smoke alarm consists of one internal chamber which has one opening for the air at lowest. There is a light being emitted from this opening, when this light is interrupted, the smoke alarm starts ringing [8].

NON-INFRINGEMENT:

The patent follows a procedure similar to photoelectric smoke sensor. However, the proposed project uses temperature and humidity sensor for the detection of smoke and fire and also uses a communication protocol ZigBee for transmission of data.

CONCLUSION:

Above were the 3 patents that are similar to the proposed project. The claims of these patents are similar in regards to the fact that all these 3 patents and the proposed project discuss the goal of smoke detection. However, the technique used by the proposed project is different from all 3 aforementioned patents. Hence, the chance of copyright infringement is quite low.

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

INTRODUCTION:

Whenever a project is designed, different alternatives are considered for its completion. However, the most suitable alternative is finally chosen for the final design. This section deals with all such alternatives which can be used for the proposed project. This part of document also observes the merits and demerits of all such alternatives.

FLOW CHART:

The flow chart in FIGURE 16 illustrates all the relevant alternatives which can be used for the proposed project.

FIGURE 16 Flow chart describing the layers of the proposed project

ALTERNATIVES FOR SMOKE AND FIRE DETECTION:

The alternatives for smoke and fire detection are photoelectric smoke detector, ionization technique and node sensor(s).

PHOTOELECTRIC SMOKE DETECTOR:

The photoelectric smoke chamber has 2 compartments. In one compartment, an LED is present while a light sensor is present in the other compartment. The LED in the first compartment is always turned on and it strikes its beam in a straight line that does not touch the second chamber. Whenever smoke enters this first compartment, the beam of LED is deflected which allows it to enter the second compartment. When the light reaches the light sensor in this second compartment, it gives the signal to the loud buzzer and to the external LED. Buzzer starts making sound while LED starts to blink. This whole process occurs, credits to the power being provided by the battery.

ADVANTAGES:

• Detects the smoke efficiently

• Simple in design

• Cost-effective

DISADVANTAGES:

• Comparatively big in size

• Cannot provide data to a communication protocol

• Cannot measure the temperature and other parameters, just detects the smoke.

IONIZATION TECHNIQUE:

This project operates on a system that contains an ionization sensor. An ionization sensor contains 2 electrically charged plates that allow the flow of current through the sensor. A radioactive material is present in between the 2 plates to ionize the air. Whenever smoke enters the sensor, it disrupts the flow of current and the alarm is activated. The system is planned in a way that allows the Bluetooth speaker in the device to operate just like any other wireless speaker. However, whenever, the smoke is detected by the device, the alarm gets the better of the speaker and starts ringing. It goes on to ring until it is turned off.

ADVANTAGES:

• Efficient in detecting fire

• Compact in design

• Less costly

DISADVANTAGES:

• Large in size

• Cannot provide data to a communication protocol

• Cannot measure the temperature and other parameters, just detects the smoke.

NODE SENSOR(S):

The sensor that can be used in the project is DHT22. It detects temperature and humidity at the same time. Whenever the temperature increases above the threshold, it displays the value on the host computer and timely action can be taken accordingly.

ADVANTAGES:

• Easy to use

• Measures temperature and humidity effectively.

• Small in size

• Can provide data to any modern communication protocol

DISADVANTAGES:

• Not cost-effective as compared to other alternatives.

ALTERNATIVES FOR COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL:

The 3 alternatives for communication protocol are Bluetooth, ESP-32 and ZigBee.

BLUETOOTH:

Bluetooth is a short-range communication module which is very common in mobiles and computers. It would not prove a good alternative to our project.

ADVANTAGES:

• Easy to use

• Cost-Effective

DISADVANTAGES:

• Delayed data transmission

• Short range

• Faces difficulty while transmitting large clusters of data

ESP-32:

ESP-32 is modern module that can be used as a communication protocol. It can use both Bluetooth and internet for data transmission. It can prove to be a good alternative for our project.

ADVANTAGES:

• Easy to use

• Cost-Effective

• Fast data transmission

DISADVANTAGES:

• Short-range

• Requires good algorithm to work properly

ZIGBEE:

ZigBee is a low power communication protocol widely used in modern applications. It can be operational with both Bluetooth and internet. With a gateway alongside, it can be a better alternative for our project.

ADVANTAGES:

• Easy to use

• Requires low power to operate

• Small in size

• Cost-effective

• Good rate of data transmission

• Can be used with a gateway (router)

DISADVANTAGES:

• Short-range (but greater than other alternatives)

• Requires a gateway to communicate over to satellite

WEIGHS OF METHODS:

TABLE 8 shows the ratings of the 3 alternatives of smoke and fire detection techniques while TABLE 9 shows the ratings of alternatives of communication protocol.

TABLE 8:

TABLE 9:

CONCLUSION:

Different alternatives regarding communication protocols and methods of smoke and fire detection were discussed in this section. From communication protocols section, ZigBee was considered the best alternative while node sensors(s) were found out to be a good option in regards to smoke and fire detection.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND SOCIAL IMPACT

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS:

Ethical considerations play an important role while designing any project. The proposed project is also in compliance with IEEE code of ethics as this code of ethics plays an important role in keeping any publication or project in a positive direction from a moral, ethical and legal perspective. For example, IEEE code of ethics describes to uphold the highest standard of integrity and to treat all people with respect. However, whenever any project is designed, it may bring any insecurity or dilemma with it. Any dilemma in the proposed project will be resolved by using the theories of ethics.

DILEMMA:

There are several people worldwide who live in forests. Some of them have built their houses in it while the others have small huts to live there. However, inclusion of the proposed project in their area will not only affect their privacy, but may create other problems for them as well. Moreover, installation of such projects will also affect the overall natural environment of the forest and wildlife as well. Presence of node sensors all over the forest will disturb the movement of small creatures and create difficulty for other living animals as well.

SOLUTION:

The solution to the aforementioned dilemma will be found using the 4 theories of ethics. These are justice, utilitarianism, rights, and egoism.

UTILITARIANISM:

This theory demands to maximize the positive outcomes in the greatest interest of the public. This theory will help to solve the above-mentioned dilemma. People living in forests are very less in proportion and a possible technological solution can be provided to them later for their safety and privacy. However, safety of forests is in interest of the whole world. People all over the world depend on forests in regard to climate change and provision of consumable items. Hence, this project fulfills the principles of utilitarianism.

JUSTICE:

This theory discusses the equal distribution and benefits for all people. It also helps in solving the dilemma as people living in wildlife areas will face difficulty from the proposed project. However, people living in other areas also face different problems. Hence, the burden will be divided equally among all people, but benefits will be given to all people around the globe.

RIGHTS:

This theory discusses the entitlement of every person through justice. People living all across the globe have a right to get full benefits from the forests and in order to do so, security of latter is the main priority.

EGOISM:

This theory tells us about the self-interest of every person living on the planet. There are 2 types of egoism. One is individual ethical egoism while the other is universal ethical egoism. Individual ethical egoism guides about​​ actions in one’s interest. On the other hand, universal ethical egoism involves the interests of other people when testing one’s actions. Universal ethical egoism can, thus, help us to solve this dilemma.

​​ RATINGS OF THEORIES:

The ratings of each theory in solving the dilemma are given in TABLE 10:

TABLE 10:

SOCIAL IMPACT:

Social impact deals with the impacts that a project will impose on the society. It is a significant section in any project document that explains the advantages that a society can obtain from the product. Furthermore, it also tells the problems that a society will face after the launch of the project. The proposed project will help out the forests to control fire in them whenever necessary. Many forests in the world can be saved by applying this phenomenon and people of the world can lead a much better life with it. This section deals with 2 types of impacts. First impact is on local culture and the other impact on global culture.

LOCAL IMPACT:

Trees in the forests in the country will remain safer and people will benefit from them. The wildlife in our country is being minimized day by day due to decrease in number of forests, so this process will take a pause and animals will go on to live a more natural life instead of living in a man-made environment.

GLOBAL IMPACT:

Recently, a huge forest-fire was seen in various parts of Australia. This made people and animals of Australia struggle under a difficult time for a long span. The reason was that fire was not controlled initially which allowed it to expand more and more. The proposed project is an attempt to minimize such cases all over the world. Whenever any forest catches fire, it should be given adequate measures as soon as possible.

REFERENCES

[1] Stefan Ramberg. (2018). "Impeller Alarm: World's Thinnest Smoke Detector." (Online Article).​​ www.kickstarter.com/projects/1254930437/impeller-alarm-world-s-thinnest-smoke-detector/description. p. 1

[2] Philip Wilging. (2014). “Smoke Audio - A Smoke Detector with Bluetooth Audio Built In.” (Online Article).​​ www.kickstarter.com/projects/192069777/smoke-audio-a-smoke-detector-with-bluetooth-audio?ref=discovery&term=smoke%20detector. p. 1

[3] Qin Wu, Jiashuo Cao, Chuang Zhou, Ji Huang, Zhuo Li, Shin-Ming Cheng, Jun Cheng, Guanghui Pan. (2018). “Intelligent Smoke Alarm System with Wireless Sensor Network Using ZigBee.” pp. 1-6

[4] Hafiz Abdur Rahman, Minhaz Ahmed Syrus, Taoufikul Islam. (2015). “Fire detection system with indoor localization using ZigBee based wireless sensor network.” pp. 2-4

[5] Junguo Zhang, Wenbin Li, Jiangming Kan. (2008). “Forest fire detection system based on ZigBee wireless sensor network.” pp. 2-6

[6] Norman J. Webb, David Bories. (1998). “smoke detector.” (Online Patent).​​ www.patents.google.com/patent/US4257039A/en. p.1

[7] Robert Kenneth Macfarlane. (2006). “Robert Kenneth Macfarlane.” (Online Patent).​​ www.patents.google.com/ patent/EP0762358A1/en. p.1

[8] Glenn Højmose. (2010). “smoke alarm.” (Online Patent).​​ www.patents.google.com/patent /US20120268281A1/en. p. 1